About the Report:
This report presents topline findings based on selected indicators across various themes and sectors from the SNRA. While these indicators do not capture the complete sectoral picture, they aim to provide a snapshot of the current situation. A comprehensive dataset and detailed analysis are available here, with full sectoral reports set to be released in November 2024.
The downloadable version of this report is available here
Background and Approach:
North East Nigeria faces severe humanitarian needs as the conflict from the Lake Chad region enters its 15th year. The 2024 Humanitarian Needs Overview (HNO) estimates that 7.9 million individuals in the BAY states (Borno, Adamawa, and Yobe) require humanitarian assistance. Ongoing access challenges have hindered humanitarian partners’ abilities to accurately assess the scale and severity of these needs. With camp closures, ongoing conflict, and limited access for researchers and aid workers, providing an updated evidence-based overview of needs is crucial for strategic planning.
Fact Foundation facilitated the multi-sectoral household survey in collaboration with the Assessment and Analysis Working Group (AAWG) and the ISCG to address these challenges. A secondary data review was conducted to identify existing information gaps, and feedback was collected from partner organisations and sectors.
The Sectoral Needs and Risk Analysis (SNRA) employed a quantitative data collection approach to understand the humanitarian needs and living conditions of affected populations. The SNRA data encompasses household surveys from 62 Local Government Areas (LGAs) across the BAY states, utilising a stratified cluster sampling method that achieves a 90% confidence level with a 10% margin of error. The methodology also ensured representation for population groups (internally displaced persons (IDPs), returnees, and host communities) at the state level.
Summary of Findings:
- Food Insecurity and Economic Vulnerability: Households across BAY states face severe food insecurity, with IDPs experiencing the most acute shortages. Most households depend on market purchases for food, often supplemented by humanitarian assistance, but limited incomes force many into debt, especially as high food costs consume the majority of their income. Rising food and fuel prices are anticipated, yet many households feel unprepared with the majority lacking safety nets against economic shocks.
- Access to Services and Living Conditions: Healthcare and education access is critically low, hindered by high costs, lack of facilities, and overcrowding, especially among IDP and returnee populations. Shelter conditions are often inadequate, and daily water needs also remain unmet for many households.
- Preferences and Gaps in Humanitarian Assistance: Food and cash assistance are the most valued types of assistance with cash offering needed flexibility amid economic instability. While satisfaction with aid is generally high, IDPs in Yobe report notable access and inclusion barriers. Generally, direct face-to-face communication is the preferred method for receiving information, reinforcing the need for accessible AAP channels and responsive support systems across the BAY states.
1. Demographics and Vulnerability
The indicators in this section provide an overview of the population’s structure and identify vulnerable groups, such as households with disabled members and female-headed households.
| % of HHs with at least one member with a disability. | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Disability | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returne es |
| Yes | 25% | 25% | 23% | 28% | 28% | 26% | 27% | 40% | 24% | 21% | 38% | 28% |
| No | 75% | 75% | 77% | 72% | 72% | 74% | 73% | 60% | 76% | 79% | 62% | 72% |
| % of Head of household (HoH) reporting difficulties (Top 3) | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Disability type | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returne es |
| None | 75% | 75% | 77% | 72% | 72% | 74% | 73% | 60% | 76% | 79% | 62% | 72% |
| Seeing | 9% | 9% | 8% | 13% | 13% | 11% | 15% | 22% | 12% | 11% | 15% | 14% |
| Walking | 9% | 9% | 8% | 13% | 9% | 8% | 10% | 12% | 9% | 7% | 11% | 13% |
| Hearing | 3% | 3% | 4% | 3% | 4% | 4% | 4% | 11% | 3% | 3% | 8% | 4% |
| % of HoHHs, by sex and age of head | ||||||||||||
| Average HoHH’s Age and Gender | Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | |||||||||
| Weight ed Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returne es | |
| Age (Average) | 47 | 45 | 48 | 48 | 52 | 52 | 51 | 55 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 51 |
| Male | 96% | 98% | 91% | 98% | 95% | 95% | 96% | 99% | 88% | 89% | 88% | 83% |
| Female | 4% | 2% | 9% | 2% | 5% | 5% | 4% | 1% | 12% | 11% | 12% | 17% |
Across the BAY states, about a quarter of households reported having at least one member with a disability, with seeing and walking difficulties being the most common. Returnee households had the highest proportion of members with disabilities compared to other population groups.
Households in the BAY states are typically large, averaging 6.5 members, and the average age of heads of households (HoHHs) across all three states is 51 years, with a significant majority being male (around 96%). However, female-headed households are more prevalent among returnees, particularly in Adamawa (17%).
2. Food Security
The selected food security indicators focus on food access and shocks related to food security, such as food shortages or price increases.
| % of Households experiencing food insecurity | ||||||||||||
| In the past 30 days, was there ever no food to eat of any kind in your house because of lack of resources to get food? | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| Yes | 66% | 61% | 75% | 71% | 75% | 74% | 80% | 75% | 60% | 60% | 62% | 58% |
| No | 33% | 38% | 25% | 28% | 24% | 25% | 18% | 22% | 39% | 39% | 36% | 38% |
| % of HHs by primary source of food (Top 5) | ||||||||||||
| Food Sources Reported | Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | |||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| Own production | 31% | 34% | 25% | 27% | 31% | 42% | 31% | 26% | 53% | 53% | 36% | 61% |
| Purchased from market | 38% | 44% | 26% | 37% | 32% | 32% | 32% | 35% | 32% | 33% | 37% | 25% |
| Humanitarian aid agencies | 12% | 5% | 24% | 13% | 3% | 2% | 4% | 6% | 1% | 0% | 2% | 1% |
| Exchange for labour | 6% | 5% | 5% | 9% | 6% | 6% | 7% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 7% | 5% |
| Loaned, borrowed food | 6% | 6% | 6% | 3% | 11% | 11% | 12% | 14% | 6% | 6% | 10% | 4% |
| % of HHs experiencing a food-related shock in the previous 6 months (Top 5) | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| Unusually high food prices | 32% | 31% | 32% | 42% | 44% | 48% | 41% | 24% | 39% | 42% | 30% | 33% |
| Unusually high prices of fuel/transport and other non-food prices | 19% | 20% | 16% | 25% | 29% | 32% | 24% | 10% | 26% | 27% | 18% | 23% |
| Reduced income of any household member | 16% | 17% | 16% | 15% | 18% | 17% | 21% | 20% | 13% | 13% | 15% | 11% |
| Loss of or reduced employment for any household member | 7% | 7% | 7% | 7% | 8% | 7% | 8% | 20% | 6% | 5% | 9% | 6% |
| Too much rain, flooding | 5% | 4% | 7% | 3% | 18% | 20% | 12% | 7% | 4% | 3% | 9% | 5% |
The assessment shows a concerning level of food insecurity across the BAY states, with 66% of households in Borno reporting food shortages in the past 30 days, compared to 75% in Yobe and 80% among internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Adamawa. A significant proportion of households rely on diverse food sources, primarily purchasing from markets (38% overall) and their own production (31% overall). However, 12% of households in Borno and 24% in Adamawa reported receiving food from humanitarian aid agencies, indicating ongoing reliance on external support.
Households have faced multiple food-related shocks in the past six months, with 32% citing unusually high food prices and 19% reporting increased costs for fuel and transport. These economic pressures contribute to heightened vulnerability, especially among IDPs, as they experience compounded challenges, including reduced income and loss of employment.
3. Nutrition
The indicators selected in this section focus on child nutrition, specifically under-five children and nutrition programme coverage.
| % of HHs children under 5 who consumed food at least once the previous day. | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| Yes, they had food yesterday | 82% | 39% | 31% | 13% | 75% | 49% | 8% | 17% | 83% | 62% | 8% | 14% |
| No, they had no food yesterday | 14% | 5% | 7% | 2% | 16% | 8% | 1% | 6% | 9% | 6% | 1% | 2% |
| Prefer not to say | 1% | 1% | 0% | 0% | 4% | 3% | 0% | 1% | 3% | 2% | 0% | 1% |
| Do not know | 3% | 1% | 1% | 0% | 5% | 3% | 0% | 1% | 4% | 3% | 0% | 1% |
| % of household children under 5 who did not consume food at least once the previous day, enrolled in a nutrition programme. | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| No | 83% | 90% | 79% | 77% | 68% | 85% | 59% | 47% | 90% | 93% | 72% | 94% |
| Yes | 17% | 10% | 20% | 23% | 30% | 13% | 37% | 49% | 10% | 7% | 28% | 6% |
Across the BAY states, a significant proportion of children under five are facing challenges in accessing adequate nutrition. In Borno, only 31% of returnee households reported that their children had consumed food the previous day, while in Yobe, only 17% of IDP children had eaten.
Of the children who had NOT consumed food the previous day, only a small proportion are enrolled in a nutrition program, with 17% of households in Borno and 10% in Adamawa reporting their children’s enrollment in such programs.
4. Livelihoods
The indicators in this section assess household income sources, expenditure patterns, and debt. The debt indicators particularly provide a measure of household financial stress and potential areas for debt relief or income-generating interventions.
| % of HH by primary income source(s) (Top 4) | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returne es | |
| Casual labour | 52% | 50% | 52% | 59% | 56% | 57% | 54% | 48% | 54% | 56% | 52% | 49% |
| Income from own business or commerce | 34% | 40% | 22% | 34% | 32% | 35% | 23% | 21% | 42% | 45% | 28% | 31% |
| Humanitarian assistance | 18% | 11% | 29% | 21% | 10% | 9% | 14% | 13% | 3% | 1% | 9% | 6% |
| Support from family and friends | 12% | 13% | 11% | 15% | 11% | 11% | 10% | 8% | 14% | 14% | 19% | 14% |
| % of HH by obstacles to finding work (Top 4) | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returne es | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returne es | |
| Lack of Capital | 52% | 55% | 49% | 51% | 50% | 51% | 52% | 42% | 44% | 44% | 57% | 41% |
| Lack of Education or Skills | 51% | 45% | 60% | 50% | 43% | 44% | 48% | 35% | 50% | 52% | 47% | 47% |
| Limited Job Opportunities | 51% | 53% | 42% | 67% | 42% | 43% | 44% | 32% | 50% | 52% | 49% | 45% |
| Transportation Issues | 11% | 12% | 10% | 9% | 15% | 15% | 17% | 16% | 8% | 8% | 10% | 8% |
| Estimated Average Household Income and Expenditure (in Naira) | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| Average income | 28,660 | 33,036 | 23,065 | 28,767 | 33,029 | 35,191 | 31,528 | 26,142 | 40,765 | 42,591 | 32,909 | 38,299 |
| Average expenditure | 32,821 | 35,251 | 28,508 | 35,605 | 42,395 | 45,152 | 35,554 | 36,156 | 43,524 | 54,696 | 34,163 | 40,601 |
| Average Household Expenditure on Food | 32,393 | 34,661 | 28,752 | 31,868 | 41,277 | 40,169 | 30,075 | 31,775 | 37,284 | 39,180 | 30,475 | 34,080 |
| Average and Median Household Debt | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| Average debt in Naira (₦) | 48,930 | 59,779 | 35,184 | 31,535 | 61,607 | 66,300 | 56,914 | — | 68,340 | 66,880 | 97,471 | 59,452 |
| Median debt in Naira (₦) | 20,000 | 21,000 | 15,000 | 14,000 | 30,000 | 30,000 | 25,000 | 50,000 | 35,000 | 35,000 | 50,000 | 30,000 |
Casual labour is the main income source across the BAY States, with over half of households in Borno (52%), Yobe (56%), and Adamawa (54%) relying on it. Income from own business or commerce also plays a significant role, especially among host communities, with 40% in Borno and 45% in Adamawa reporting it as a primary income source. Humanitarian assistance constitutes only about 10% of income sources across the BAY states.
However, lack of capital is consistently reported as the top barrier to finding work, with over 50% of households across the BAY states citing this issue. Lack of education or skills further compounds these challenges, particularly for IDPs in Borno (60%) and the host communities in Adamawa (50%).
The average household incomes across the BAY states are significantly lower than their expenditures, creating a clear deficit that households are covering through accumulating debt. In almost all cases, the debt burden was notably higher than the average monthly income, exacerbating financial pressures. Additionally, households are facing disproportionately high expenditures on food, with some spending over 90% of their income on basic sustenance. This further illustrates the unsustainable economic strain on families, as essential needs consume nearly all of their available resources.
5. Health
The indicators here explore household access to healthcare, illness among children, and maternal health. To provide insights into the accessibility and quality of healthcare services, particularly for young children and women of reproductive age.
| % of HHs accessing healthcare center within 30 minutes of walking without any obstacles/barriers | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| HH having access to healthcare | 30% | 25% | 33% | 38% | 28% | 30% | 29% | 20% | 20% | 20% | 23 | 20% |
| HH NOT having access to healthcare | 70% | 75% | 67% | 62% | 72% | 70% | 71% | 80% | 80% | 80% | 77% | 80% |
| % of HHs with under 5, having illness by type of sickness in the last two weeks (Top 4) | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| No Child illness | 47% | 45% | 51% | 51% | 38% | 39% | 41% | 30% | 49% | 51% | 35% | 48% |
| Fever | 37% | 40% | 32% | 36% | 38% | 38% | 36% | 44% | 28% | 27% | 44% | 21% |
| Malaria | 23% | 25% | 19% | 22% | 30% | 31% | 24% | 29% | 27% | 27% | 35% | 28% |
| Typhoid | 12% | 14% | 10% | 4% | 14% | 14% | 12% | 14% | 14% | 13% | 23% | 15% |
| Diarrhea | 12% | 10% | 15% | 12% | 12% | 11% | 14% | 20% | 7% | 7% | 16% | 6% |
| % of HHs, reporting difficulties encountered when attempting to access health services or treatment for children, in the past 3 months (Top 5) | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| No barriers experienced | 45% | 42% | 46% | 62% | 44% | 45% | 46% | 33% | 37% | 37% | 36% | 36% |
| Long waiting time for the service | 28% | 30% | 29% | 18% | 23% | 23% | 21% | 18% | 23% | 25% | 24% | 14% |
| Specific medicine, treatment or service needed unavailable | 19% | 18% | 21% | 14% | 15% | 15% | 13% | 13% | 19% | 16% | 35% | 21% |
| Could not afford cost of consultation or treatment | 18% | 21% | 14% | 10% | 16% | 16% | 17% | 11% | 24% | 26% | 17% | 19% |
| No functional health facility nearby | 13% | 14% | 10% | 11% | 14% | 13% | 11% | 18% | 21% | 20% | 19% | 23% |
| % of women of reproductive age with skilled birth attendants | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| Nurse / midwife | 39% | 46% | 33% | 28% | 39% | 39% | 33% | 39% | 53% | 52% | 66% | 49% |
| Traditional birth attendant | 25% | 13% | 36% | 42% | 18% | 17% | 10% | 23% | 9% | 8% | 17% | 10% |
| Relative / friend | 16% | 10% | 25% | 11% | 14% | 18% | 17% | 5% | 12% | 13% | 4% | 16% |
| Doctor | 8% | 12% | 3% | 7% | 10% | 8% | 11% | 15% | 9% | 10% | 0% | 13% |
Only a small proportion of households, around a quarter on average, report having access to healthcare facilities within 30 minutes from their homes with No barriers, with Adamawa showing the lowest access at just 20%. This lack of access for the larger proportion may be reflected in the prevalence of child illnesses, as many households reported illnesses among children under 5, with fever (37%) and malaria (23%) being the most common illnesses across the BAY states.
Over 50% (on average) of households reported some barriers when seeking healthcare, some of the significant barriers were identified, including long waiting times (28%), the unavailability of specific treatments (19%) and the cost was also a barrier for 18% of households.
Furthermore, less than half of women of reproductive age were attended by a skilled birth attendant, with reliance on traditional birth attendants (25%) still high, particularly in Borno and Adamawa.
6. Education
The indicators below assess both enrollment and barriers to education (formal), highlighting the extent to which children, particularly boys and girls, can access schooling.
| % of Children enrolled and attending formal school | ||||||||||||
| Percentage of households where at least one child attended formal education ( pre-primary, primary, secondary, etc.) | ||||||||||||
| Child enrolled and attending education | Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | |||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returne es | |
| Yes | 55% | 43% | 45% | 51% | 60% | 52% | 45% | 57% | 71% | 44% | 55% | 34% |
| No | 45% | 57% | 55% | 49% | 40% | 48% | 55% | 43% | 29% | 56% | 45% | 66% |
| % of HHs by barriers to education for Boys (Top 3) | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returne es | |
| No barriers | 59% | 60% | 56% | 63% | 53% | 57% | 46% | 33% | 50% | 49% | 56% | 53% |
| School fees and/or cost of materials | 23% | 22% | 24% | 24% | 22% | 22% | 24% | 17% | 36% | 37% | 24% | 35% |
| Schools overcrowded | 12% | 14% | 7% | 10% | 12% | 12% | 10% | 12% | 8% | 8% | 12% | 6% |
| Distance to school too far / lack transportation | 11% | 11% | 12% | 8% | 12% | 13% | 11% | 7% | 14% | 15% | 8% | 12% |
| % of HHs by barriers to education for Girls (Top 3) | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returne es | |
| No barriers | 58% | 57% | 58% | 64% | 51% | 53% | 48% | 33% | 48% | 46% | 53% | 51% |
| School fees and/or cost of materials | 23% | 24% | 22% | 23% | 20% | 21% | 19% | 13% | 35% | 36% | 34% | 34% |
| Schools overcrowded | 12% | 14% | 8% | 8% | 13% | 13% | 12% | 13% | 8% | 9% | 11% | 6% |
| Distance to school too far / lack of transportation | 11% | 12% | 10% | 9% | 11% | 11% | 9% | 9% | 14% | 15% | 8% | 12% |
Across the BAY states, school enrollment and attendance rates for children vary significantly by region and population group. Overall, almost half of the households (43%) in Borno and Yobe have No child enrolled in formal education, with returnees showing the lowest enrollment rates in Adamawa.
Key barriers to education differ between boys and girls but are generally centered around financial constraints, such as school fees and the cost of materials, which is the most frequently reported obstacle in both groups. Other common challenges include overcrowded schools and long distances to school, with returnees and IDPs experiencing more barriers than host communities.
7. Protection
Protection indicators focus on safety, security incidents, and psychosocial distress within households. To identify households and individuals at risk of harm, violence, or trauma, particularly vulnerable groups such as children.
| % of HHs reporting safety/security incidents. | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| No | 84% | 84% | 84% | 87% | 78% | 82% | 77% | 56% | 88% | 89% | 85% | 88% |
| Yes, adult household member | 6% | 5% | 9% | 4% | 10% | 8% | 12% | 20% | 7% | 6% | 8% | 5% |
| Yes, Boy Child in the Household | 2% | 2% | 1% | 2% | 2% | 1% | 1% | 6% | 1% | 1% | 0% | 1% |
| Yes, Girl Child in the Household | 4% | 4% | 4% | 4% | 4% | 2% | 1% | 12% | 1% | 1% | 2% | 1% |
| % of HHs suffering psychosocial distress. | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| Yes | 10% | 10% | 9% | 10% | 15% | 10% | 24% | 38% | 11% | 11% | 14% | 12% |
| No | 87% | 85% | 89% | 87% | 81% | 86% | 74% | 57% | 86% | 87% | 81% | 83% |
| % of HHs, by safety concerns for Boys (Top 6) | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| Physical violence | 63% | 54% | 70% | 100% | 21% | 22% | 17% | 20% | 76% | 77% | 0% | 84% |
| Killings | 14% | 15% | 20% | 0% | 3% | 3% | 0% | 3% | 4% | 0% | 0% | 16% |
| Looting | 10% | 15% | 0% | 0% | 2% | 3% | 0% | 3% | 5% | 0% | 100% | 0% |
| Sexual violence (including rape, attempted rape and harassment) | 8% | 8% | 13% | 0% | 14% | 10% | 12% | 21% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| Attack by armed group | 8% | 7% | 0% | 29% | 9% | 14% | 12% | 0% | 5% | 0% | 100% | 0% |
| Flooding | 6% | 8% | 0% | 5% | 26% | 33% | 23% | 15% | 5% | 0% | 100% | 0% |
| % of HHs, by safety concerns for Girls | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| Sexual violence (including rape, attempted rape and harassment) | 38% | 39% | 45% | 18% | 28% | 26% | 15% | 35% | 10% | 3% | 0% | 67% |
| Physical violence | 23% | 20% | 23% | 43% | 19% | 22% | 15% | 17% | 50% | 58% | 35% | 17% |
| Adult household members missing, detained, abducted or forcefully recruited | 28% | 36% | 17% | 9% | 17% | 14% | 29% | 17% | 6% | 0% | 44% | 0% |
| Flooding | 18% | 14% | 32% | 4% | 18% | 20% | 37% | 10% | 11% | 9% | 0% | 34% |
| Killings | 5% | 3% | 6% | 14% | 4% | 3% | 5% | 6% | 5% | 7% | 0% | 0% |
| Fire outbreak | 3% | 2% | 8% | 0% | 3% | 2% | 0% | 6% | 5% | 0% | 22% | 17% |
Most households across the three states reported no safety incidents, with the highest percentages in Adamawa and Borno. However, Yobe stands out with a significant drop among returnees, where only 56% of households reported no safety incidents, indicating heightened security concerns for this group. In Yobe, returnee households reported higher risks for adult household members (20%) and girl children (12%), highlighting a particular vulnerability in this population.
Psychosocial distress is a significant concern among returnees and IDPs in Yobe and Adamawa. Physical violence is the most significant concern for boys, particularly in Adamawa (up to 76% of households), and in Borno (63%). Sexual violence is the predominant concern for girls, with Borno (38%) and Adamawa (67%) showing high levels of concern.
8. Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The indicator in this section focuses on household access to sufficient and improved water sources and sanitation facilities.
| % of HHs with improved water sources accessing at least 150 liters per day for household use | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighted Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returne es | |
| HH Improved water source with access to at least 150 L per day | 68% | 65% | 74% | 65% | 71% | 72% | 72% | 66% | 46% | 46% | 37% | 53% |
| HH Unimproved water source with access to at least 150 L per day | 32% | 35% | 26% | 35% | 29% | 28% | 28% | 34% | 54% | 54% | 63% | 47% |
| % of HHs having access to functional and improved sanitation | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returne es | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returne es | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returne es | |
| Pit latrine without a slab and platform | 37% | 38% | 35% | 40% | 35% | 36% | 26% | 23% | 21% | 20% | 15% | 26% |
| Pit latrine with a slab or platform | 34% | 32% | 36% | 34% | 23% | 22% | 33% | 31% | 36% | 36% | 30% | 37% |
| Flush or pour/flush toilet | 13% | 17% | 7% | 7% | 13% | 12% | 18% | 14% | 8% | 8% | 12% | 6% |
Most households in Borno (68%) and Yobe (71%) have access to improved water sources and meet a daily need of at least 150 liters. In contrast, Adamawa falls significantly behind, with only 46% of households meeting these needs. A substantial portion of households, particularly in Adamawa, struggle to access adequate water, with 54% not reaching the required daily supply.
Pit latrines without a slab or platform are commonly used across the BAY states, with most households in Borno, Yobe, and Adamawa relying on them.
9. Shelter NFI
The selected indicators in this section assess the adequacy of shelter and household living conditions. They provide insights into whether households have access to safe, functional living spaces and the nature of their occupancy.
| % of HHs with access to a functional domestic living space. | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| Lack of lighting inside the shelter | 35% | 29% | 44% | 45% | 38% | 38% | 42% | 32% | 30% | 29% | 30% | 34% |
| Lack of bathing facilities | 32% | 26% | 45% | 30% | 37% | 37% | 41% | 37% | 30% | 29% | 30% | 38% |
| Lack of access to cooking facilities | 31% | 26% | 39% | 31% | 32% | 31% | 34% | 37% | 27% | 25% | 33% | 33% |
| % of HH by type of occupancy arrangement in their current dwelling | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| Ownership | 44% | 53% | 22% | 53% | 65% | 72% | 38% | 45% | 78% | 80% | 42% | 85% |
| Rented | 24% | 27% | 16% | 27% | 23% | 18% | 40% | 40% | 16% | 15% | 42% | 8% |
| Hosted without rent (by family, friends, institution) | 18% | 12% | 30% | 14% | 9% | 8% | 16% | 11% | 5% | 4% | 8% | 6% |
| No occupancy agreement / squatting | 14% | 6% | 32% | 6% | 3% | 2% | 6% | 4% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 1% |
| % of HHs whose shelter solutions meet agreed technical and performance standards | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| Opening or cracks in roof | 35% | 35% | 36% | 29% | 34% | 35% | 34% | 32% | 32% | 30% | 33% | 37% |
| Some cracks in some walls | 29% | 32% | 22% | 29% | 29% | 31% | 22% | 18% | 27% | 28% | 23% | 32% |
| Roof partially collapsed | 28% | 24% | 37% | 26% | 32% | 32% | 32% | 32% | 22% | 21% | 32% | 22% |
| Broken or cracked windows | 22% | 21% | 23% | 23% | 25% | 23% | 27% | 35% | 18% | 17% | 26% | 19% |
Households across the BAY states face significant challenges in accessing functional domestic living spaces. Lack of lighting, proper bathing and cooking facilities were the main issues.
In terms of occupancy arrangements, ownership is most common in Adamawa (78%) and Yobe (65%), while a notable proportion of households in Borno (14%) are squatting without any formal agreements. Many shelters across the states also fail to meet technical standards, with issues such as cracks in roofs and walls, and partially collapsed roofs being common, especially in Adamawa where 37% of households report roof problems.
10. Shocks and Durable Solutions
The indicators here assess the shocks households have experienced in the past year and their perceived preparedness for future risks.
| % of households reporting shocks in the past 12 months (Top 3) | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| Unusually high food prices | 29% | 29% | 26% | 36% | 36% | 39% | 33% | 19% | 34% | 37% | 23% | 26% |
| Unusually high prices of fuel, transport and other non-food prices | 17% | 18% | 13% | 20% | 25% | 28% | 20% | 10% | 24% | 26% | 14% | 20% |
| Reduced income of any household member | 11% | 12% | 10% | 9% | 12% | 11% | 16% | 12% | 8% | 9% | 9% | 6% |
| % HH, by anticipated risks or unexpected events, in the next year (Top 3 ) | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| Unusually high food prices | 27% | 29% | 24% | 23% | 33% | 35% | 32% | 19% | 28% | 29% | 21% | 26% |
| Unusually high prices of fuel, transport and other non-food prices | 16% | 19% | 12% | 13% | 23% | 26% | 20% | 10% | 18% | 18% | 15% | 18% |
| Reduced income of any household member | 11% | 13% | 9% | 9% | 11% | 11% | 15% | 12% | 8% | 8% | 7% | 7% |
| % HH, reporting likelihood of risk | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| Very Likely | 50% | 52% | 45% | 46% | 41% | 37% | 51% | 47% | 46% | 46% | 48% | 45% |
| Likely | 35% | 37% | 31% | 37% | 41% | 43% | 35% | 32% | 30% | 29% | 31% | 35% |
| Unlikely | 12% | 8% | 19% | 15% | 13% | 13% | 11% | 18% | 18% | 18% | 18% | 20% |
| Does not know | 3% | 3% | 5% | 2% | 5% | 6% | 3% | 3% | 5% | 6% | 3% | 0% |
| % HH, reporting perceived preparedness for risk | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| Not at all prepared | 36% | 32% | 43% | 34% | 35% | 33% | 46% | 40% | 35% | 35% | 27% | 35% |
| Only a little bit prepared | 36% | 41% | 25% | 37% | 31% | 31% | 26% | 37% | 31% | 29% | 23% | 40% |
| Somewhat prepared | 20% | 19% | 22% | 18% | 23% | 25% | 15% | 10% | 19% | 20% | 23% | 10% |
| Well prepared | 3% | 3% | 4% | 4% | 7% | 6% | 10% | 4% | 9% | 8% | 16% | 11% |
| % of households with at least one person reportedly covered under social security schemes (public or private) | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| No | 86% | 86% | 86% | 86% | 73% | 77% | 65% | 55% | 90% | 91% | 87% | 88% |
| Yes | 12% | 12% | 13% | 13% | 23% | 19% | 32% | 42% | 7% | 7% | 12% | 6% |
| Declined to answer | 1% | 2% | 1% | 1% | 3% | 4% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 2% | 1% | 6% |
Households in the BAY states have faced a range of shocks over the past year, with high food prices being the most prevalent issue, especially in Yobe (36% of households) and Adamawa (34%). Additionally, households have been impacted by unusually high fuel and transport prices, particularly in Yobe, where 25% of households reported these challenges. Also, reduced income has also been a concern for many households, particularly in Adamawa (16%).
Looking ahead, there are significant concerns about future risks, with many households anticipating further food prices rise (33% in Yobe and 32% in Adamawa) and fuel price increases (26% in Yobe and 24% in Adamawa). Most households consider these risks to be “Likely” or “Very likely”, yet households feel unprepared for these potential risks, with over 40% in Yobe and Adamawa reporting feeling “not at all prepared” or “only a little bit prepared.”
Unfortunately, a large proportion of households remain outside of any social security scheme, especially in Borno (86%) and Yobe (73%), leaving many without safety nets to cope with future shocks.
11. Feedback and Accountability
These indicators focus on how households provide and receive feedback from assistance providers. Measuring the effectiveness of communication channels and whether households feel their complaints are being addressed.
| % HHs reporting feedback or complaints to assistance providers | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| Yes | 29% | 25% | 38% | 29% | 66% | 26% | 32% | 51% | 15% | 13% | 27% | 16% |
| No | 67% | 71% | 58% | 67% | 30% | 70% | 66% | 43% | 82% | 83% | 71% | 78% |
| Do not Know | 3% | 3% | 4% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 2% | 4% | 2% | 3% | 2% | 2% |
| Prefer not to say | 1% | 1% | 0% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 0% | 2% | 1% | 1% | 0% | 4% |
| % HHs who received feedback on their complaint. | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| Yes | 64% | 60% | 71% | 60% | 74% | 26% | 32% | 51% | 53% | 48% | 75% | 52% |
| No | 35% | 39% | 28% | 40% | 25% | 70% | 66% | 43% | 46% | 51% | 25% | 47% |
| Do not Know | 1% | 1% | 1% | 0% | 1% | 3% | 2% | 4% | 1% | 1% | 0% | 0% |
| Prefer not to say | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 1% | 0% | 2% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 2% |
| % HHs by preferred means of providing feedback. | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| Face to face at home with aid worker | 69% | 70% | 69% | 69% | 61% | 59% | 67% | 61% | 68% | 69% | 68% | 66% |
| Phone call | 25% | 28% | 18% | 24% | 37% | 38% | 41% | 27% | 30% | 28% | 46% | 28% |
| Face to face with community or religious leader | 25% | 24% | 28% | 24% | 27% | 18% | 21% | 28% | 24% | 22% | 30% | 31% |
| Face to face in office or other venue with aid worker | 29% | 28% | 30% | 32% | 16% | 16% | 13% | 19% | 19% | 17% | 36% | 18% |
A significant proportion of households did not report any feedback or complaints to assistance providers, especially in Adamawa, where 82% of households did not report. In contrast, Yobe shows a higher reporting rate (66% of host households), with IDPs (51%) and returnees (43%) showing a slightly lower engagement. And while a majority of households in Borno (64%) received feedback on their complaints, this is much lower in Yobe, especially among IDPs and returnees (26% and 32%, respectively).
Overwhelmingly, Face-to-face communication with aid workers at home is preferred across all states. while phone calls rank second in popularity, especially in Yobe, where 37% of respondents prefer this method.
12. Preferred Assistance
This section captures household preferences for different types of assistance (food, cash, vouchers, or in-kind assistance).
| % of HHs, by their preferred assistance for the future (Top 3) | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| Food | 89% | 88% | 91% | 89% | 89% | 91% | 86% | 78% | 83% | 84% | 82% | 79% |
| Physical cash | 37% | 40% | 33% | 30% | 28% | 30% | 24% | 12% | 49% | 56% | 49% | 44% |
| Shelter Materials | 30% | 28% | 36% | 28% | 25% | 26% | 20% | 18% | 30% | 30% | 40% | 27% |
| % HHs reporting reasons for cash as a preferred assistance (Top 3) | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| More freedom to choose what to buy | 65% | 63% | 75% | 58% | 59% | 60% | 49% | 62% | 67% | 68% | 55% | 69% |
| Ability to save money for times of greater need | 39% | 39% | 36% | 50% | 50% | 48% | 62% | 56% | 38% | 37% | 40% | 42% |
| Easy to carry around | 36% | 40% | 25% | 47% | 37% | 38% | 37% | 30% | 23% | 22% | 21% | 27% |
| % HHs reporting reasons for in-kind as a preferred assistance (Top 3) | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| High prices in the market | 75% | 77% | 69% | 82% | 74% | 76% | 70% | 62% | 82% | 83% | 81% | 75% |
| Quality of material assistance is better | 36% | 38% | 34% | 35% | 34% | 35% | 28% | 28% | 25% | 23% | 35% | 33% |
| Desired items not available in the market | 16% | 18% | 15% | 11% | 18% | 18% | 16% | 21% | 11% | 9% | 19% | 16% |
| % HHs reporting reasons for vouchers as preferred assistance in future (Top 3) | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| More freedom to choose what to buy | 56% | 53% | 60% | 56% | 57% | 58% | 24% | 77% | 52% | 52% | 57% | 57% |
| Easy to carry around | 57% | 65% | 56% | 39% | 44% | 39% | 73% | 50% | 17% | 8% | 32% | 65% |
| Receiving vouchers takes less time | 39% | 40% | 32% | 47% | 38% | 42% | 19% | 26% | 40% | 23% | 100% | 57% |
Food assistance is the top choice for future support, with consistently high preference across all states.
Physical cash is the second most preferred option, especially in Adamawa, where 49% of households prioritise cash assistance, significantly higher than Borno (37%) and Yobe (30%). Across the states, households prioritise the flexibility that cash provides, allowing them to choose what to buy. In Yobe, 50% of respondents expressed the need for financial security, while 35% in Borno and 37% in Yobe cited the convenience of carrying cash, compared to just 23% in Adamawa.
High market prices, driven by inflation, are a major reason for favouring in-kind support, with approximately 34% of respondents believing that in-kind assistance offers better quality than what’s available in markets. Vouchers are also seen as a desirable option, particularly due to the freedom to choose purchases. Portability was reported as a key benefit, especially among IDPs in Yobe.
13. Satisfaction with Assistance
Finally, indicators selected in this section measure how satisfied households are with the assistance they have received and whether they encountered barriers to accessing that assistance.
| % HHs by preferred means of receiving information (Top 4) | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| In person face-to-face | 27% | 23% | 33% | 30% | 18% | 19% | 15% | 14% | 28% | 29% | 21% | 26% |
| Phone call | 20% | 23% | 17% | 12% | 32% | 31% | 35% | 34% | 24% | 24% | 17% | 24% |
| Loud speakers | 7% | 4% | 11% | 10% | 6% | 5% | 1% | 9% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 7% |
| Phone call In person face-to-face | 7% | 7% | 0% | 7% | 6% | 6% | 8% | 1% | 7% | 8% | 6% | 7% |
| % HHs who were satisfied with the assistance received | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | |
| Yes | 70% | 69% | 70% | 74% | 75% | 79% | 57% | 73% | 83% | 81% | 90% | 84% |
| No | 27% | 29% | 27% | 24% | 23% | 19% | 41% | 23% | 14% | 16% | 8% | 11% |
| % HHs reporting barriers to accessing assistance in the past 6 months | ||||||||||||
| Borno | Yobe | Adamawa | ||||||||||
| Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returnee s | Weighte d Avg | Host | IDPs | Returne es | |
| No barriers faced | 50% | 46% | 56% | 55% | 56% | 57% | 58% | 48 | 44% | 42% | 53% | 46% |
| Yes, there are no aid providers in the area | 18% | 20% | 17% | 10% | 14% | 14% | 12% | 11% | 29% | 21% | 14% | 18% |
| Yes, excluded or given less information==opport unities to receive aid than others | 16% | 17% | 13% | 18% | 13% | 11% | 14% | 25% | 12% | 11% | 18% | 12% |
Across the BAY states, face-to-face communication remains the most preferred way for households to receive information, with an average of 27%, followed by phone calls at 20%. In Adamawa, in-person communication is especially prominent (29%), while in Yobe, phone calls are the favoured method at 32%.
Regarding satisfaction with the assistance received, there is a high overall satisfaction rate, with 70% of households reporting positive feedback. Adamawa had the highest satisfaction at 83%, while Yobe reported slightly lower levels at 75%. Conversely, around 27% of respondents across regions expressed dissatisfaction, especially among IDPs in Yobe.
When it comes to accessing assistance, 50% of households reported facing no barriers. However, a significant 18% of households, particularly in Adamawa, highlighted the absence of aid providers as a key obstacle. Additionally, 16% reported exclusion or lack of information as barriers, with a higher incidence among IDPs.
Conclusion:
As the humanitarian crisis persists in North East Nigeria, millions across Borno, Adamawa, and Yobe remain in urgent need of humanitarian assistance. Despite significant access challenges, the SNRA conducted by Fact Foundation under the framework of the AAWG and ISCG offers critical, updated insights into the needs of internally displaced persons, returnees, and host communities.
The 2024 SNRA highlights the acute vulnerability of children, with high rates of malnutrition and limited access to proper nutrition. Moreover, the prevalence of safety concerns and psychosocial distress, particularly affecting women and children, underlines the urgent need for protection and maternal health services. The data also shows that households face significant economic stress, a heavy reliance on debt for basic needs, with incomes often falling short of expenditures, particularly on food, which consumes a large portion of their income. Casual labour, the primary income source, does not provide reliable financial stability, and lack of access to capital, education, or skills limits job opportunities.
Needs appeared to be overwhelmingly driven by limited financial capacity and a general lack of infrastructure, in addition to increased pressure on shared resources and livelihoods opportunities under the strain of internal displacement.
It is important to note that these findings reflect only the population in areas accessible for face-to-face interviews. Given that insecurity is the primary factor driving household displacement, inaccessible and hard-to-reach areas likely face even more severe multi-sectoral needs.
The downloadable version of this report is available here